Understanding Article 8 of the Civil Code of the Philippines: The Role of Judicial Decisions in the Legal System
- JESON CABILIC
- Jul 27
- 2 min read
The Philippine legal system, like many others influenced by both civil and common law traditions, has unique features that shape how laws are interpreted and applied. One such foundational principle is found in Republic Act No. 386, also known as the Civil Code of the Philippines, specifically Article 8, which states:
"Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution shall form part of the legal system of the Philippines."
Though seemingly straightforward, this provision plays a vital role in the administration of justice, the evolution of law, and the overall function of the legal system.
The Doctrine of Precedent and Stare Decisis
Article 8 embodies the doctrine of stare decisis, a Latin term meaning "to stand by things decided." This principle holds that decisions made by higher courts, especially the Supreme Court of the Philippines, are binding on lower courts when the same issues are presented. This ensures consistency, predictability, and stability in legal rulings.
While the Philippines is a civil law jurisdiction with laws primarily codified, Article 8 allows judicial decisions to bridge the gaps in statutes and apply or clarify the meaning of the law when ambiguous or silent on a specific matter.
Judicial Interpretation as a Source of Law
Although legislation passed by Congress remains the primary source of law, Article 8 recognizes that judicial interpretation also contributes to the development of legal norms. For example:
When courts interpret vague provisions of a law,
When they declare laws unconstitutional,
Or when they fill in gaps not covered by existing statutes,
Their rulings effectively guide future conduct and inform legal practice, becoming a part of the body of Philippine law.
A good example is how courts have interpreted constitutional rights, such as freedom of expression or due process. These interpretations carry practical and legal weight beyond the text of the Constitution or statute.
The Role of the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the Philippines serves as the highest interpreter of laws and the Constitution. Its rulings, especially those en banc (full court) decisions, are considered part of the law of the land. Over time, the body of Supreme Court decisions has shaped Philippine jurisprudence, influencing how laws are taught, understood, and applied in real-life cases.
Limitations and Flexibility
Despite the authority of judicial decisions, the law allows for change and evolution. Courts may reverse or modify previous rulings when deemed necessary due to:
Changing societal values,
Evolving legal interpretations,
Or the discovery of new principles better suited to current conditions.
This balance between consistency and flexibility is essential in ensuring that justice remains dynamic and responsive.
Article 8 of the Civil Code of the Philippines affirms that courts do not merely apply the law they help shape it. Judicial decisions are not just commentaries or interpretations; they are integral parts of the legal system. As the Philippine legal landscape continues to evolve, Article 8 ensures that jurisprudence plays a crucial role in achieving a just, humane, and rule-based society.
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